Definition of slavery in history It is sometimes hypothesized that at some moment it was decided that persons detained for a crime or as a result of warfare would be more useful if put to work in some way rather than if killed outright and discarded or eaten. [78] Slavery was an important part of the economic structure of Africa although its relative importance and the role and treatment of enslaved people varied considerably by society. Applying a Marxist interpretation to the study of slavery, Genovese argues that the system of slavery was based on the idea of paternalism: a system of reciprocal duties, obligations, and responsibilities between the enslaved and enslaver. AU - Allain, Jean. 2. Thirteenth Amendment, amendment (1865) to the Constitution of the United States that formally abolished slavery. Stillwell, Sean 2013. 13). 128; in Connecticut, slavery has been totally extinguished by Oct 27, 2009 · The Dred Scott case, also known as Dred Scott v. This is achieved in a unique way in the relation of slavery: the definition of the slave, however recruited, as a socially dead person. The report is part of EJI’s project focused on developing a more informed understanding of America’s racial history and how it relates to contemporary challenges. Yet, more than 100 years on, slavery persists in most countries, with more than 20-million people thought to be enslaved today. A complex and contested effort to provide a universal definition of slavery as “the permanent, violent domination of natally alienated and generally dishonored persons” (p. Slavery and slaving in African history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Thornton, John. The ancient Greeks and Romans accepted the institution of slavery, as did the Mayas, Incas, Aztecs, and Chinese. : When people are in slavery, they are in a Keeping slave concubines was the norm for many royal muslim dynasties, from the royal Abbasid harem of the Abbasid Caliphate in the 9th-century until the harem of the Khedive of Egypt in the 19th-century a thousand years later. The practice of slavery continued in many countries (illegally) into the 21st century. In the context of American history, slavery primarily refers to the institution where African Americans were forcibly brought to work on plantations and in various other sectors, significantly impacting social, economic, and political structures. Under slavery, an enslaved person is considered by law as property, or chattel, and is deprived of most of the rights ordinarily held by free persons. Slavery is a system in which individuals are owned by others, deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labor or services. Bondage refers to the state of being enslaved or confined, particularly in the context of forced labor without personal freedom. The case persisted through several courts and ultimately Dec 27, 2024 · Following the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery, most freed people lacked land or money and had to continue working for white plantation owners. Slavery has been practiced for thousands of years. The southern and northern United States began to pull apart in the 19th century, culturally and economically, with slavery at the center of the rift. Nov 21, 2023 · What is slavery and what does slavery mean? The definition of slavery is the ownership of human beings as property. 2d ed. Variously embraced and attacked by scholars but never ignored. SLAVERY definition: 1. It played a crucial role in the economic systems of various colonial powers, driving the labor force in agriculture and production. This practice has been a significant part of human history, particularly in the context of economic exploitation, social hierarchy, and reform movements aimed at ending such injustices. Craven Award and South Carolina Historical Society's Book of the Year in 1997. This article considers the evolution of the definition of slavery as it emerged in 1926 and was reiterated in 1956 as a means of understanding slavery’s parameters, while giving special attention to the phrase “any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership”— as opposed to ownership. It was legal in some countries of the world until 1980. In this system, human beings are treated as property, and are purchased and sold as such. This institution played a critical role in shaping the economic, cultural, and political landscape of Texas during its time as a Republic and later as a state, influencing government Nov 21, 2023 · The chattel slavery definition refers to a form of human enslavement in which the slave is completely owned by another person. Origins and Sources: Slaves in ancient Rome were primarily prisoners of war, born into slavery, or sold into slavery due to debt or poverty. In the system of slavery, the slaves are owner’s property and are forced to work. He is author or editor of a dozen books, including Mastered by the Clock: Time, Slavery, and Freedom in the American South, winner of the Organization of American Historians' Avery O. In the early Archaic period the elite worked its estates with the labor of fellow citizens in bondage (often for debt). 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. Yet by 1865 it had succeeded in embedding its goal in the Constitution by amendment, though at the cost of a civil war. Slaves were recognized as property or objects of the slave owners. The abolition of slavery refers to the movement and legal efforts aimed at ending the practice of enslaving individuals and freeing those who had been enslaved. This practice was a foundational aspect of the economy and social structure in the Southern Colonies, where enslaved Africans were brought to cultivate cash crops, particularly tobacco and cotton, significantly impacting both the economy and society in that region. The abolition of slavery refers to the movement and process of ending the practice of enslaving individuals, which gained momentum in the late 18th and 19th centuries across various parts of the world. It is only in recent times that it has been globally outlawed with the United Nations General Assembly adopting the declaration of human rights in 1948 that specified that freedom from slavery is a universal human right and it is to be prohibited in all forms. Throughout history, some forms of slavery existed as punishment for committing crimes or to pay off debts. During the period we know as the Age of Exploration, Europeans created trade routes which brought them immense wealth. In the history of the United States, bondage became closely associated with the institution of slavery, where individuals, primarily of African descent, were subjected to involuntary servitude and denied basic human rights. To more accurately understand how race and its counterpart, racism, are woven into the very fabric of American society, we must explore the history of how race, white privilege . Oct 27, 2023 · Missouri Compromise APUSH Definition. This system dehumanizes enslaved people, stripping them of legal rights and reducing them to mere objects. Institutionalized chattel slavery was only introduced after the arrival of Christopher Columbus (l. While it did not free a single Mar 26, 2014 · Chattel slavery – the buying and selling of another person – was outlawed by most countries in the 19th century. This definition was accepted by the European Court […] Dec 14, 2024 · Slavery - African, Colonial, Abolition: The origins of slavery are lost to human memory. history, the period (1865–77) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. However, this type The meaning of SLAVERY is the practice or institution of holding people as chattel involuntarily and under threat of violence. It was intended to be the start Slavery is a system in which individuals are owned by others and are forced to work without compensation, often under brutal conditions. In ancient societies such as those in Greece, Rome, and Egypt, slavery was a common practice, albeit with different social, economic, and political implications. The state or condition of a slave. Oct 29, 2009 · Issued after the Union victory at Antietam on September 22, 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation carried moral and strategic implications for the ongoing Civil War. Noun 1. history, a controversial political doctrine that the people of federal territories should decide for themselves whether their territories would enter the Union as free or slave states. The war began as a struggle to preserve the Union, not a struggle to free the slaves but as the war dragged on it became increasingly clear to President Abraham Lincoln the best way to force the seceded states into submission was to undermine their Slavery and Freedom explores the complex story of slavery and freedom, which rests at the core of our nation’s shared history. This movement was driven by a combination of moral, economic, and political factors, leading to legislative changes that dismantled slavery systems and liberated millions of enslaved people. At its core lay the issue of Nov 28, 2018 · Slavery has existed for millennia in varying forms in all parts of the world. Slavery is the owning of people by other people. The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. Aug 3, 2012 · The very term ‘slavery’ and its contours are contested despite the fact that an agreed to international definition of slavery was existed since in 1926. agree on what in fact the term “slavery” means. This institution has existed throughout history and has significantly shaped social, economic, and political structures, making it a central issue in discussions about human rights and social justice. Eighteen people were for sale, including a family of six whose youngest child was 1. The 18 hours ago · United States - Abolitionism, Slavery, Emancipation: Finally and fatally there was abolitionism, the antislavery movement. Its existence predates written history, with evidence of slavery found in nearly every ancient culture, from Mesopotamia and Egypt to China and pre-Columbian America. The large Southern plantations in particular continued to rely on labor of enslaved Africans. Definition. Slavery was prevalent in many parts of Africa for many centuries before the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade. Louis Hotel in New Orleans on March 25, 1858. Define Slavery by Webster's Dictionary, WordNet Lexical Database, Dictionary of Computing, Legal Dictionary, Medical Dictionary, Dream Dictionary. PY - 2009. The abolition of slavery played a crucial role in shaping Feb 28, 2018 · Black Codes. Slavery was legal in places in the United States until 1865. Looking for definition of Slavery? Slavery explanation. Explore the Atlantic slave trade through its origin and economic impacts. Slavery has often occurred when one group of people conquers or has great power over another group. This chapter shows that there is convincing historical and legal grounds for rethinking prevailing models on slavery. [1] Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. In the United States, individuals were forced into slavery, born into slavery, and were slaves for life based on their race. Y1 - 2009. Three-fifths compromise, compromise agreement between the delegates from the Northern and the Southern states at the United States Constitutional Convention (1787) that three-fifths of the enslaved population would be counted for determining direct taxation and representation in the House of Representatives. A rich Turkish man examines a naked boy, before buying him. Slavery is a system in which individuals are legally considered property and are forced to work without compensation. Slavery can be traced back to the early civilizations; Aug 19, 2019 · The broadside pictured above advertised a slave auction at the St. This system dehumanizes enslaved people, reducing them to mere commodities without rights or autonomy, and was especially prevalent in the context of the Atlantic slave trade, which facilitated the forced transport of millions of Africans to the Americas for Dec 2, 2024 · Transatlantic slave trade, part of the global slave trade that took 10–12 million enslaved Africans to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. . James Oakes writes that the Constitution's Fugitive Slave Clause and Three-Fifths Clause "might well be considered the bricks and mortar of the proslavery Constitution". ’ Learn more about the doctrine. Nov 18, 2024 · Middle Passage, the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. After the lawgiver Solon abolished citizen slavery about 594 bce, wealthy Athenians came to rely on enslaved peoples from outside Attica. See full list on history. slavery, Condition in which one human being is owned by another. Affecting all races, gender and age groups. Nov 21, 2024 · Popular sovereignty, in U. ” The same influences deriving from the technique of production and of labor—that is to say, the one-crop system and slavery—have combined here in this English-settled portion of North America, as in the Antilles and Jamaica, to produce social results similar The Institution of Slavery as It Exists in the United States refers to the legal and social system that sanctioned the ownership of African Americans as property from the colonial era until the Civil War. It was one leg of the triangular trade route that took goods (such as knives, guns, ammunition, cotton cloth, tools, and brass dishes) from Europe to Africa, Africans to work as slaves in the Americas and West Indies, and items, mostly raw materials, produced on the plantations (sugar, rice Mar 4, 2010 · The Harper's Ferry raid was an 1859 assault by an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown on the federal armory in the small town of Harper's Ferry, Virginia. Chattel slavery is a form of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property, bought and sold as commodities. 1451-1506) in 1492, was developed by the Spanish and Portuguese by 1500, and was Throughout U. In Pennsylvania, by the act of March, 1780, for the gradual abolition of slavery, it has been almost entirely removed in Massachusetts it was held, soon after the Revolution, that slavery had been abolished by their constitution; 4 Mass. In these societies, slaves were often prisoners of war or individuals who had been enslaved due to debt. history there have been disputes about whether the Constitution was proslavery or antislavery. Jan 24, 2013 · Abstract. Eden, Jeff 2018. The Missouri Compromise was an agreement reached in 1820 between Northern and Southern states in the United States that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. This endangered mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) was photographed by National Geographic Photographer Joel Sartore on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, in his ambitious project to document every species in captivity—inspiring people not just to care, but also to help protect these animals for future generations. Since the inception of the Atlantic slave trade, which began in the 16th century, critics voiced their disapproval of the Oct 18, 2024 · The institution of slavery has existed in various forms throughout human history. The conflicts that arose between Introduction: What Is Slavery? In this Element, I assess where scholarship is in regard to major themes to a crucial institution in human history, slavery, an institution at the far end of a continuum of unequal relationships in societies generally characterised by inegalitarianism and by the great majority of people, and almost all women and children, being May 10, 2010 · Slavery and Social Death. the…. American society developed the notion of race early in its formation to justify its new economic system of capitalism, which depended on the institution of forced labor, especially the enslavement of African peoples. Within the Atlantic, attentions have expanded beyond North America and the Caribbean to the history of slavery in Africa Footnote 16 and the multiple slavery connections and experiences in the southern Apr 22, 2021 · Slavery in the Americas was widely practiced by indigenous tribes who enslaved those captured in raids, wars, or who were traded from one group to another for various reasons but there was no slave trade per se. Cambridge University Press. Alienated from all "rights" or claims of birth, he ceased to belong in his own right to any legitimate social order. Culture slavery slavery Slavery has been practised in many countries, but played a particularly important role in the history of the US. TY - JOUR. Slavery exists in most of the southern states. The roots of Jim Crow laws began as early as 1865, immediately following the ratification of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery in the United States. In a 1953 speech to the National Urban League, Thurgood Marshall—then Special Counsel to the NAACP—spoke of the need for “concerted action to Nov 21, 2024 · Abolitionism, movement between about 1783 and 1888 that was chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery. Jun 24, 2010 · Sharecropping is a type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year. This is a rather intrigu-ing puzzle, as a consensus has existed for more than eighty-five years among states as to the legal definition of slavery. Its enemies, especially in New England, called it ‘squatter sovereignty. SLAVERY. The first slaves, who were considered to be the property of another person and to have no rights of their own, were taken from Africa to North America by the Dutch in 1619 and by the time of the American Revolution (1775) there were 500 000 slaves, mostly in However, slavery continued throughout the new country of the United States. Learn more about the history, legality, and sociology of slavery in this article. For sale: 51 head of slaves, 12 yoke of draught oxen, 32 horses or mules; 5 head of slaves, 2 yoke of draught oxen; 11 head of slaves, 4 yoke of oxen—in early America, slaves were treated legally and socially as if they were farm animals (Louisiana State Gazette, New Orleans, November 1, 1819) History of slavery synonyms, History of slavery pronunciation, History of slavery translation, English dictionary definition of History of slavery. It established the 36°30′ parallel as the dividing line between slave states and free states in the Louisiana Purchase Jun 14, 2019 · Every student of the patriarchal regime and the economy of slave-holding Brazil ought to become acquainted with the “deep South. This system dehumanizes enslaved people, reducing them to commodities and stripping away their rights, autonomy, and identity. The Mar 25, 2020 · Genovese, Eugene D. Definition of Roman Slavery: Roman slavery was integral to the society and economy, with slaves considered property used for various tasks including household duties, mining, and agriculture. Nov 9, 2009 · North Versus South . Between the 16th and 19th centuries an estimated total of 12 million enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas. Jun 29, 2021 · The renewed attention paid to the history of slavery in recent decades urges us to reconsider several divisions and gaps that have developed. A quantitatively revised edition of an important work that argues that the transatlantic slave trade transformed West Africa by reinforcing and expanding hierarchies while increasing militarism. Passionately advocated and resisted with equal intensity, it appeared as late as the 1850s to be a failure in politics. [1] Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Learn more. Likewise, its victims have come from many different ethnicities and religious groups. Black codes were strict Jan 1, 2009 · The 1926 definition of slavery emerged as a result of the dynamics between anti-slavery advocates and members of the League of Nations – the main colonial powers which utilized Dec 14, 2024 · Slavery - Forced Labor, Oppression, Inequality: The first known major slave society was that of Athens. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. N2 - On the basis of archival research, this Article considers the negotiation history of both the 1926 Slavery Convention and 1956 Supplementary Convention and demonstrates that an interpretation of the provisions of the definition of slavery consonant with the travaux préparatoires History of Slavery responds to these trends by providing for the first time, in four volumes, a comprehensive global history of this widespread phenomenon from the ancient world to the present day. How to use slavery in a sentence. Transformations of slavery: a history of slavery in Africa. Oct 27, 2009 · The Compromise of 1850 was made up of five bills that attempted to resolve disputes over slavery in new territories added to the United States in the wake of the Mexican‑American War (1846‑48). Chattel slavery is a form of slavery in which individuals are treated as personal property that can be bought, sold, and owned. Oct 4, 2024 · From the Equal Justice Initiative, "Slavery in America: The Montgomery Slave Trade documents American slavery and Montgomery’s prominent role in the domestic slave trade. Well before the affirmation of the international protection of human rights, a concept that emerged after the end of the Second World War, the fight against slavery and the slave trade propagated the idea of equal dignity and the intolerability of different Slavery in Texas refers to the legal and social system that allowed for the ownership and exploitation of enslaved people, primarily of African descent, within the territory that later became the state of Texas. Thus, Part II considers the drafting history of the 1926 Slavery Convention and the Jul 29, 2010 · Mark M. T1 - The Definition of Slavery in International Law. " Apr 29, 2018 · Slave drivers had great authority over the slaves when either the overseer or the master was away, yet on the auction block, buyers treated them as just another slave - another commodity to be Definition. This movement sought to challenge the moral, economic, and social justifications for slavery, leading to significant political and social changes in various regions. Oct 27, 2009 · Opposition to slavery wasn’t a new concept when abolitionism started. This institution has been common throughout most of human history and almost Dec 18, 2008 · The outbreak of the Civil War forever changed the future of the American nation and perhaps most notably the future of Americans held in bondage. Chattel slavery was deeply embedded in the economic, social, and legal systems of the United States, impacting the lives of countless African Slavery, an institution deeply intertwined with the fabric of human civilization, traces its origins back to the earliest stages of human societal development. Slavery is known to have Sale of a child-slave (1872), painting by Vasily Vereshchagin, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. But both if and when that first occurred is unknown. military armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was a flashpoint in the pre‑Civil War era. New York: Vintage Books, 1976. Slavery is the system in which individuals are owned and forced to work for others without any compensation or freedom. Slavery has existed on nearly every continent, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, and throughout most of recorded history. Slavery is a system in which one human being is legally as property to another. Slavery has existed throughout the world since ancient times, and trading in slaves has been equally universal. Volume 3 of The Cambridge World History of Slavery is a collection of essays exploring the various manifestations of coerced labor in Africa, Asia Oct 27, 2009 · John Brown was a militant abolitionist whose violent raid on the U. the activity of legally owning other people who are forced to work for or obey you: 2. It first examines the changing status of slavery under international law, where the discussion focuses on the doubts that continue to surround the legal definition of slavery and other similar forms of bondage and the 1926 and 1956 Slavery Conventions. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Apr 24, 2019 · Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. slave dealer - a person engaged in slave trade slave trader, slaver victimiser, victimizer - a person who victimizes others; "I thought we were Jul 3, 2022 · Slavery is often termed "the peculiar institution," but it was hardly peculiar to the United States. The history of slavery in the Muslim world was throughout the history of Islam with slaves serving in various social and economic roles, from powerful emirs to harshly May 29, 2014 · Introduction. The prolonged wars with the Mar 8, 2016 · The book begins with a survey of slavery across time and place, from the ancient world to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade and then describes the commerce in black laborers that ushered in market globalization and brought more than 12 million Africans to the Americas, before finally examining slavery in law and practice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. Slavery and RaceDEFINITIONS OF SLAVERYSLAVERY AS A GLOBAL PHENOMENONTHE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AND THE RACIALIZATION OF SLAVERYSLAVERY AND RACIAL CATEGORIES“SCIENTIFIC” RACISM AND SLAVERYBIBLIOGRAPHY Source for information on Slavery and Race: Encyclopedia of Race and Racism dictionary. The social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. Some enslaved people sought freedom through a secret organization called the Underground Railroad , but the system of slavery survived. Nov 9, 2009 · Despite the long history of slavery in the British colonies in North America, and the continued existence of slavery in America until 1865, the amendment was the first explicit mention of the This endangered mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) was photographed by National Geographic Photographer Joel Sartore on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, in his ambitious project to document every species in captivity—inspiring people not just to care, but also to help protect these animals for future generations. [79] Nov 21, 2023 · Examine the slave trade in Africa and understand the definition of triangular trade map. London: Cambridge University Press. The exhibition begins in 15th-century Africa and Europe, extends up through the founding of the United States, and concludes with the nation’s transformation during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Although the words slavery and slave are never mentioned in the Constitution, the Thirteenth Amendment abrogated those sections of the Constitution which had tacitly codified the “peculiar institution”: Article I, Section 2, regarding apportionment of representation in the House Long after the 13th Amendment outlawed slavery in 1865, civil rights advocates continued to call on the nation to abolish the legacies of slavery that persisted in the form of racial discrimination. Sandford, was a decade-long fight for freedom by a Black enslaved man named Dred Scott. Sep 27, 2012 · It traces the evolution of concepts of slavery, from Roman law through the Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries, up to the modern day manifestations, including manifestations of forced labour and trafficking in persons, and considers how the 1926 definition can distinguish slavery from lesser servitudes. Slavery has been common in many places throughout history and throughout the world. Oct 29, 2009 · The Kansas‑Nebraska Act was an 1854 bill that allowed settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether slavery would be allowed within their state's borders. The slave trade of women for sexual slavery are known early on. This institution played a critical role in shaping the economic, social, and political landscape of the Southern United States, especially as cotton agriculture became increasingly dominant and as states like Georgia sought to defend their way of life leading up to The meaning of CHATTEL SLAVERY is slavery in which a person is owned as a chattel. Smith is Carolina Distinguished Professor of History at the University of South Carolina. Throughout American history, tension has existed between several regions, but the competing views of the institution of slavery held by Northerners and Southerners was the preeminent sectional split and the defining political issue in the United States from the founding of the country until Dec 18, 2024 · Slave trade, the capturing, selling, and buying of enslaved persons. This was due in part to the goods which were traded, but also to the development of a system which would wreak havoc on Africa: The Transatlantic Slave Trade. Almost every society in the history of the world has experienced slavery at one time or another. Slavery had existed for thousands of years, when, finally, in the 18th century the abolitionist ideal gained momentum. In particular, the volume under review picks up Slavery is a system in which individuals are owned by others and are forced to work without pay, often under the threat of violence or coercion. [5] " Nov 26, 2024 · Reconstruction, in U. Indeed, many plantations continued to run as large operations that were worked by wage-labourers or sharecroppers, including also poor rural whites, and sharecropping gradually became the accepted labour system in most of the South. Chattel slavery is a form of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property that can be bought, sold, or owned. Dec 14, 2024 · Slavery is the condition in which one human being is owned by another. All slaves experienced, at the very least, a secular excommunication. In the ‘triangular trade,’ arms and textiles went from Europe to Africa, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe. Jul 6, 2020 · The 1926 Slavery Convention fixed the definition of the term ‘slavery’ in international law. S. Article 1 (1) of the Convention states that ‘slavery is the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised’. Jan 22, 2009 · 2 The two main recent monographs on twentieth-century slavery are Cooper, Frederick, From Slaves to Squatters (New Haven, 1980)Google Scholar; and Grace, John, Domestic Slavery in West Africa, with Particular Reference to the Sierra Leone Protectorate, 1896–1927 (New York, 1975)Google Scholar. Learn more about slavery and its abolition in America. It reads:Slavery is the status or sectionalism, an exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole. This institution not only shaped economic practices, particularly in the South, but also influenced social hierarchies, political conflicts, and cultural dynamics across the nation. Yet, this definition has failed to take hold among the general public or to “speak” to those in-stitutions interested in the ending of slavery. com Slavery was practiced in the American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries, and helped propel the United States into the Civil War. wwr zjat ove wbccqvtj vvt jvzxone ayjeba ctqop zapkxvzn tvas