Reid technique vs peace model. The technique was created by a man named John E.

Reid technique vs peace model Those elements remain fully available within traditional Reid Interview and Interrogation training programs. The Reid technique has been a subject of significant controversy and criticism within the field of law (PEACE)1 model used in the United Kingdom, emphasize a more non-confrontational and Reid died in 1982, and Joseph Buckley became president of Reid Inc. , the most common interrogation method used by police officers in North Oct 23, 2024 · See the Investigator Tip and the video presentation on our You Tube channel for the entry, The Reid Technique is a Non-confrontational, Non-accusatory Process. REID AND ASSOCIATES, INC. They analyzed the audiotapes of 60 interviews conducted by 15 experienced interviewers before and after the training, and found that training improved some simple skills of the interviewers such as The PEACE Model avoids the coercion techniques of methods like the Reid Technique and focuses instead on gaining accurate information through ethical means. Give your verdict as to what extent the PEACE model is an improvement upon previous police interviewing techniques. Finally, as The Reid Technique of Interviewing and Interrogation Presented by Joseph P. The Reid Technique (henceforth referred to as Reid) was first described in-depth in 1962 in the book Criminal Interrogation and Confessions. Objectives: Critically evaluate: - E. In contrast to the confrontational nature of the Reid Technique, the PEACE model emphasizes ethical interrogation. May 8, 2020 · The PEACE model rejects the deceptive nature of the Reid Technique and relies on obtaining multiple stories from a suspect and finding the discrepancies. The article is well written and provides the reader with a very clear explanation of the PEACE model - which is essentially an investigative interviewing process developed and used in the United Kingdom. Next it will examine cases where the Reid Technique was used (or mis-used) to If you like crime dramas, you have probably seen this countless times. The P. They argue the following: False confessions are not caused by the application of the Reid Technique…[but instead] are usually caused by interrogators engaging in improper behavior that is outside of the parameters of the Reid Technique…such as threatening inevitable consequences; making a First, the Reid technique is often referred to as the exemplar of an accusatorial approach. This is then followed by the 9 steps of interrogation. Also, the legal cases involving the use of the REID technique in Canada will be outlined. The Reid Technique is a structured interview and interrogation process that involves three primary stages: Fact Analysis, the Investigative Interview and, when appropriate, the Interrogation. 7 Implications of the Solution Exploring the implications of adopting the PEACE model over the Reid Technique prompts us to The Reid Technique is often referred to as the exemplar of the The PEACE model is an example of an information‐gathering approach that has been adopted by the Feb 9, 2022 · Many studies suggest that the PEACE model is just as effective as the Reid model when it comes to obtaining confessions from guilty suspects (Hood & Hoffman). ” In recent years, the harmful effects of using a confrontational, adversarial interrogation method, such as the Reid technique, have emerged Jan 1, 2018 · The November 2017 issue of Police Chief magazine features an article entitled, Bringing PEACE to the United States. Reid and Associates, Inc. E model is considered to be best practice and is suitable for any type of interviewee, victim, witness, suspect or interviewee. Fact Analysis In 2015, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police adopted a new standard influenced by the PEACE model. 2. Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like During the Engage and Explain stage of a PEACE interview an investigator covers four different areas known as, In the Reid technique a "theme" is, The first stage of the actual interview when using the PEACE model is and others. patreon. ), and the cognitive interview. They hone their skills through years of practice. Eric Shepherd, one of the psychologists who developed PEACE, disagrees. It is used by many police forces around the world and is particularly popular in the United States. It generally consists of a 3-part process . While both methods aim to elicit information from suspects, they differ significantly in their approaches and ethical considerations. Jan 8, 2025 · What is the Reid Technique and How is it Used? 164 B. In this article, we review two influential methods of police interviewing practice and their associations with false confessions. The criticism has led for calls to replace the REID technique with the PEACE model. Risk of False Confessions 172 III. 1) The first stage of the process is to gather evidence related to the crime and to interview witnesses and victims. Dec 14, 2015 · The Reid Technique of interviewing and interrogation (Inbau, Reid, Buckley, & Jayne, 2013) is purported to be the most common inter-rogation training approach (Meyer & Reppucci, 2007). Sep 20, 2024 · The Reid Model of Interrogation: A 9 step model of interrogation used frequently in North America to extract confessions from suspects. Reid, and his company sells videos and other training materials teaching people the particularities of how to properly use it. , who developed and trained the Reid Technique, recommend that officers conducting witness interviews "consider using cognitive interviewing Jan 1, 2020 · Next, it explores the Reid technique and what problems can arise when that interrogation technique is used improperly. That information will be used to show a Aug 24, 2020 · In Canada and the United States, the Reid Technique is the standard method used during police interrogations. § R vs. That information will be used to show a The Reid Technique of Interviewing and Interrogation In this position paper we will address the following issues: • The core principles of the Reid Technique • Best Practices • Why false confession experts criticize The Reid Technique • What the courts say about false confession experts • What the courts say about The Reid Technique The Reid Technique (Inbau, Reid, Buckley, & Jayne, 2013) typifies this accusatorial approach and is regarded as one of PEACE model (Fahsing, Jakobsen, & Jakobsson Öhrn, 2016). Week 9 –March 13, 2019 Reid Technique and PEACE Model Learning Objectives - Explain the difference between an interview, an interrogation, and an investigative interview - Understand the stages and steps that comprise the Reid technique of interviewing and interrogation - Understand the stages in the PEACE model of investigative interviewing Chapter Objectives - Understand what research The PEACE model represents a non-accusatory interview designed to develop sufficient investigative information to determine the suspect’s possible involvement in the criminal behavior under investigation. Videos • False Confessions – The Issues to be Considered: Parts One and Two Oct 10, 2024 · Law enforcers can reach out to criminal lawyers if they want to know more about the Reid technique. This most common interrogation manual taught to law enforcement in the United States starts with an assumption of guilt and relies on law enforcement's ability to detect deception—typically through nonverbal behavior like avoiding eye contact. [9] By 2013, according to The New Yorker, the company trained "more interrogators than any other company in the world", [9] and Reid's technique had been adopted by law enforcement agencies of many different types, [vague] with it being especially influential in North America. The following are a number of erroneous and false statements that defense attorneys, academicians and social psychologists oftentimes make about the Reid Technique, followed by our responses. The technique, initially developed in the 1940s and 1950s, was first published in […] United Kingdom’s PEACE Model of Investigative Interviewing (see Shepherd & Griffiths, 2013, for review of the PEACE Model). The PEACE model argument will also be outlined. § Concerns with false confessions, unreliable, and involuntary statements. com. The nine-step process for effective interrogation has been used in police-training programs nationally. In contrast, the United Kingdom uses the PEACE model to interview suspects. 33). It's compelling drama. Armishaw (ONSC 2011). , 2013). the five parts of the PEACE Model, its application in the initial stage of The Reid Technique, and the legal restrictions on Apr 18, 2020 · The criticism has led for calls to replace the REID technique with the PEACE model. What is being depicted is known as the Reid Technique, developed by John Reid of offence and converting an oral confession to a written confession. Jan 10, 2011 · Named after John E. [4] This approach avoids the use of deceptive information to overwhelm According to some critics of the Reid Technique, aspects of Reid-style interrogation that may lead to false confessions include (1) misclassification (the police attributing deception to truthful suspects); (2) coercion (including psychological manipulation); and (3) contamination (such as when police present non-public information to a suspect REID TECHNIQUE, AN EFFECTIVE 45-YEAR-OLD INTERROGATION TECHNIQUE? OR AN OUTD ATED TECHNIQUE? 3 Effectiveness of Reid Technique The Reid technique is the most utilized interview/interrogation technique by most law enforcement agencies. The PEACE Model The PEACE model of investigative interviewing is a mnemonic for Planning and preparation; Engage and explain; Account; Closure; and Evaluation. The ineffectiveness of the Reid technique in law enforcement interrogations and how a non-accusatory model of interview can be applied in law enforcement interviews in the United States. Finally, it proposes that United States law enforcement agencies should move away from the Reid Technique and instead adopt the PEACE method of interviewing which has the same confession rate, but without the risks. ai/b The training was held in such high regard that it was eventually extended to all operational law enforcement officers in England and Wales. Reference: Chen, A. , 2014). Various methods of questioning criminal Aug 21, 2024 · Common Erroneous and False Statements About the Reid Technique Dec 13, 2024. These guidelines consist of five distinct parts (corresponding to the acronym "PEACE"): Preparation and Planning: Interviewers are taught to properly prepare and plan for the interview and formulate aims and objectives. May 29, 2017 · 23. Describe the Reid and the PEACE methods in detail and explore how they may differ or be similar. Darren Carr (2017), as the lead author of PIM, stated that the PIM is unlike the Reid Model of Interrogation (i. Sgt. ” There are two alternatives used by the police today to replace the Reid Technique , one is the PEACE Model and the other is Cognitive Interviewing. Two prominent interrogation techniques, the Reid Technique and the PEACE Model, have been widely used by law enforcement agencies. com/store/big-red-celt/Other Social Media: https://beacons. Apr 20, 2022 · Support on Patreon: https://www. The outlined topics will be used to answer the research question. Reid & Associates Inc. Chapple (ABPC 2012). Check out this Special Report from Canadian Lawyer, one of our sister publications, on the Top Criminal Law Firms in Canada. Sergeant Darren Carr, who trains police with the new approach, described it as "less Kojak and more Dr. Moreover, one of the top trainers of the method, Wicklander-Zulawski & Associates, decided in 2017 that they would stop teaching the Reid Technique. [13] Nov 1, 2018 · The Reid Technique is oftentimes just thought of and is frequently referred to as simply an interrogation process - it is much more than that. It is possible to compare the PEACE model of interviewing with the Framework of Investigative Interviewing as set out in MOJ (2022) Achieving Best Evidence in Criminal Proceedings: Guidance on Interviewing Victims and Witnesses, and using Special Measures. Under the PEACE model, the term interrogation is intentionally replaced with the term “Investigative Interviewing” as the approach is based on humane and ethical Philosphy. edu In contrast to the Reid Technique, the English PEACE Model [acronym for Preparation and Planning, Engage and Explain, Account and Clarification, Closure, and Evaluation] focuses on openness, transparency and accountability whilst identifying vulnerabilities as a way of ensuring fairness and justice (Gudjonsson and Pearse, 2011). Essentially the PEACE Model is the initial step in The Reid Technique – a non-accusatory fact finding interview. 209 W. Jackson Blvd. The Reid Technique is Previous Tips Why the Reid Technique is so Successful what is a formal vs an informal interview FORMAL: controlled environment and non supportive to the person being interviewed INFORMAL: conducted on the scene of incident or during follow up investigations in the aspect's home or place of business, restricted to seeking basic facts about the crime There are other types of psychological methods of interrogation that are not as confrontational as the Reid Technique and do not use deception. Mar 14, 2015 · The psychology of effective police interrogation is complex. “In recent years, the Reid Technique has received harsh criticism. (2021). This approach is gaining popularity in various investigative contexts due to its emphasis on fairness and the minimization of psychological pressure. Phil". ” There are two alternatives used by the police today to replace the Reid Technique, one is the PEACE Model and the other is Cognitive Interviewing. Reid and Associates Inc. com/BigRedCeltBig Red Celt Merch: https://www. When used correctly, it is considered the most effective technique in the criminal justice system. ) May 1, 2010 · Several years ago the United Kingdom adopted a set of interviewing guidelines called the PEACE model. These are the Reid technique, which is commonly used by police forces in the United States, and the PEACE model, which is routinely used in the United Kingdom. K. Introducing a model such as PEACE to the system would most likely negate the negative impacts of the Reid model while still eliciting high numbers of true confessions. com c 2012John E. The cognitive approach focuses more on the psychological considerations of interrogation, with an emphasis on memory and cognition, social dynamics, and communication. This article provides a step-by-step explanation of the The model that has been in the public eye recently is the social psychological process model of interrogation known as the “The Reid Technique. 262, Tr. disputes the contention that their methods lead to false confessions. The Kinesic interview method has some similarities to the Reid Technique in that it requires the interviewer to analyze the suspect’s behavior to determine if he or she is lying. The book is now in its 5th edition, and the method has subsequently been taught to hundreds of thousands of investigators around the world. Several authors have recently expressed concerns about the guilt-presumptive and confrontational aspects of the Reid technique and its association with false confessions and recommend What is the Reid Technique? The Reid technique can be divided into three steps: the Factual Analysis, the Behavioral Analysis Interview (BAI), and the Interrogation. 800-255-5747 / www. com 2. reid. The model that has been in the public eye recently is the social psychological process model of interrogation known as the “The Reid Technique. The PEACE Method: 5 Steps May 8, 2020 · The PEACE model rejects the deceptive nature of the Reid Technique and relies on obtaining multiple stories from a suspect and finding the discrepancies. where the scientifically-driven PEACE Model of Investigative Interviewing (P-plan and preparation; E-engage and explain; A-account; C-closure; E- evaluate, henceforth referred to as PEACE) is challenging previously cherished beliefs and practices. The PEACE model of interviewing is used in England and wales. ” (Tomlin, 2022) On the other side, PEACE model stands for Planning and Preparation, Engage and Explain, Account clarification and challenge, Closure and Evaluation. We also describe the PEACE model (Milne & Bull, 1999), which was devised to reduce coerciveness and is gaining in popularity in contemporary North American policing. § Desire/pressure to push the ‘PEACE’ non- May 11, 2024 · Overall, the debate surrounding the Reid Technique underscores the complex balance between the imperative to solve crimes and the need to uphold ethical standards and protect against the risk of miscarriages of justice. Jun 27, 2023 · The Reid technique, developed by John E. Abandoning the Reid Technique and Adopting the PEACE method 176 CONCLUSION 180 . May 6, 2021 · The research questions that this thesis explored were “Why the Reid Technique is Ineffective for Law Enforcement Interrogations?” and “How a Non-Accusatory Model of Interview Can Be Applied in Law Enforcement Interviews in the United States. No. The Reid Technique. The officer interrogating a suspect chums up to them, says they understand, and then offers them a face-saving version of guilt to which they can confess. Due to its interrogative and confession-driven nature – and t notwithstanding, judges generally approve confessions extracted by the Reid Technique, even when the defendant is a juvenile and/or mentally impaired. 4 While continuous research and evaluation over the years have led to improvements of the PEACE model, the basic structure remains unchanged. Inbau, has long been a prominent method of interrogation in law enforcement. “I think Whilst I'm not aware of any specific document that actually names the Reid technique per se all interview are done in accordance with PACE and non of the methods used in Reid would be compliant with PACE and would not stand up to scrutiny in the courts, we cant lie, fabricate false evidence give socially acceptable alternatives to motives offer deals etc to obtain a confession. Nov 6, 2019 · While there certainly are similarities between the PEACE and Reid methods, especially the interviewing phase of the Reid technique, distinct differences exist in the way interviewers See full list on digitalcommons. Prior to 1992, investigators Reid. Results of this study suggest that the current Reid model will con-tinue to be a problem in producing false confessions within police interrogations. Most phases are Jul 1, 2013 · Permission is hereby granted to those who wish to share or copy this article. The Neurologica blog takes a look at the Reid technique of interviewing through a neuroscience lens, and offers a quick but insightful introduction of the alternative PEACE method of interviewing. In those instances, the following Credit Statement must be included "This Investigator Tip was developed by John E. Walsh, O’Callaghan and Milne, 2016). in the Canadian cases, the pro-PEACE model academic literature argument, the similarities between the REID technique and PEACE model, and a future glimpse into the future of Canadian interviewing techniques. E. Method of Investigative Interviewing will not receive instruction in the “Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation” or the “Reid Behavior Analysis Interview”. and popularized by John Reid, “a former Chicago street cop who had become a consultant and The Reid Technique of Investigative Interviewing and Positive Persuasion Presented by Joseph P. 7 Reid consists primarily of two main The PEACE Model. Jacques the US Court of Appeals, First Circuit, upheld the lower court's opinion that a confession obtained by interrogators using elements of the Reid technique was voluntary and admissible. m. (Dkt. Feb 4, 2011 · These are the Reid technique, which is commonly used by police forces in the United States, and the PEACE model, which is routinely used in the United Kingdom. Today’s interrogators train in communication, human behavioural science, and legal procedures. The technique was developed by Fred Inbau in 1942, 4. to investigative interviewing, the P. Interrogation “should only occur when the investigator Why are interrogations so effective? How does the Reid Technique work? Watch and learn! Clips included:The Interrogation Room: The Reid Technique - The Fift 4. The Reid Technique's Inherent Issues 169 C. But regardless of how smooth-talking a detective may be, the secret to success in securing admissible confessions will always lie in being a good listener, mentally manipulating the […] Apr 20, 2022 · The REID technique is the dominant all law enforcement officers are trained in an information-gathering approach called the PEACE model. The Reid Technique uses psychological methods to elicit confessions from those who are believed to be guilty, without the need to resort to physical force to extract a confession. PEACE is an acronym for Planning/Preparation; Engage Mar 7, 2017 · Buckley said that Wicklander-Zulawski has been teaching the 1984 version of the Reid technique, which does not include “any of the updates or new material that we developed” since then — making it unfair to suggest that Reid itself is outdated. Sc), Industrial and Organizational Psychology & People Management University of Liverpool Addiction Reid Policy on the Use of Deception During an Interrogation The following references are a combination of video presentations from our YouTube channel, The Reid Technique Tips, and documents on our website, www. The technique was created by a man named John E. 4 Suggestibility and the Reid technique One particular method of suspect interrogation, known as the Reid technique, which has been widely used in the US, has been criticised by many researchers for involving coercive techniques very likely to lead to false confessions (e. Sep 11, 2008 · compatible with a recommended model of interviewing (called the ‘PEACE’ model) impacts on outcomes of the interviews examined in contrast to prior studies which have usually been concerned whether the conducted interviews were fair and not coercive or whether there had been positive effects of training upon subsequent interview performance Feb 28, 2024 · Our criminal justice system must do better than continuing to utilize the outdated pseudoscience of the Reid technique. PEACE Model. Questions: § Renewed attacks against the ‘Reid Model’: § R vs. The technique was first introduced in the 1940s and 50s by polygraph expert John Reid, who . § Academics/media focused on the ‘perils’ of Reid influenced / guilt presumptive models of interviewing. e. Sep 20, 2021 · This process is essentially what is called the PEACE model in Great Britain If the case evidence, facts and information developed during the investigation and the interview indicate that the subject committed the crime or is withholding relevant information, then interrogation becomes appropriate: The Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation Dec 5, 2013 · On what the Reid technique trains interrogators to look for Folding arms, shifty gaze, picking imaginary lint off of your shirt, jiggling your leg, touching your hair — these are signs of リード・テクニック（英: Reid technique ）とは、1950年代にアメリカ合衆国で開発された容疑者に対する尋問法である。 日本語ではリード式尋問法とも呼ばれることがある [1] 。 The technique has evolved over the years into what is now known as the Reid Technique. Gudjonsson and Pearse (2011) state that “the Reid technique is the most popular and frequently used police interview technique in the United States” (p. Several authors have recently expressed concerns about the guilt-presumptive and confrontational aspects of the Reid technique and its association with false confessions and recommend Apr 27, 2023 · Court confirms that The Reid Technique consists of proper interrogation procedures ; In US v. Reid, who developed this approach with Fred Inbau, this manual teaches the so-called Reid technique (for a review of American interrogation practices past and present, see Leo, 2008). The Reid Technique (Inbau, Reid, Buckley, & Jayne, 2013) typifies this accusatorial approach and is regarded as one of Apr 1, 2001 · Interestingly, even John E. Accusatory Methods. Suite 400 Chicago, Illinois 60606 800-255-5747 312-583-0700 fax 312-583-0701 info@reid. Reid and Fred E. – its limitations strengths? compared to others – give ur verdict of the question & support it with evidence. A witness interview should be structured using the PEACE framework. Several authors have recently expressed concerns about the guilt-presumptive and confrontational aspects The accusatorial model of interrogation is described as a guilt-presumptive model, whichuses confrontational strategies and psychological manipulation to elicit confessions (Kassin, Appleby, & Perillo, 2010; Meissner et al. The Factual Analysis is where the available evidence is analyzed in order to determine possible suspects or leads and in the process, eliminate improbable suspects (Kozinski, 2018). The Reid technique involves nine steps of interrogation, namely: Positive confrontation It should be understood, however, that course participants in the Reid P. For those unfamiliar with either, the Reid technique is designed to maximise confessions, and the cognitive interview is designed to best preserve the suspect’s memory. In the opinion, the US Court of Appeals stated the following: Feb 25, 2024 · Critics argue that the Reid Technique can lead to false confessions, especially in vulnerable individuals, prompting a reevaluation of its application in law enforcement. unl. 18. HOW WHY peace Reid technique vs Peace Model Chantel Powell Reid Technique The Reid Technique involves three components – factual analysis, interviewing, and interrogation. Subscribe to our newsletter The latest news, articles, and resources, sent to your inbox weekly. The HIG technique is similar, but it focuses even more on the “cognitive load,” the notion that if a suspect is lying he will have more discrepancies in his story than a suspect who is May 16, 2024 · The Reid technique is a method of interrogating suspects in a crime. to 4:00 p. It’s important to understand previous methods of interviewing before learning about the PEACE method. INTRODUCTION Sep 26, 2022 · The Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 (PACE) and the PEACE Model used in the UK for interviewing witnesses and suspects. Suite 400 Chicago, Illinois 60606 800-255-5747 312-583-0700 info@reid. 3. The Reid Technique or similar methods are routinely used by law enforcement in structuring interrogation. ” The core elements of the Reid Technique are universally incorporated into almost all Jul 1, 2011 · In sum, the proffered expert testimony to the effect that the Reid technique enhanced the risk of an unreliable confession lacked any objective basis for support whatever. Process of the Reid technique. As with any promising development, there has been an anticipated resistance to change and questions Dec 1, 2013 · Buckley supports videotaping as well, and claims that the Reid Technique already incorporates elements of PEACE. com www. In my forensic psychology class we learnt about the Reid technique of interviewing (banned in U. In this model, interviewers are encouraged to be fair and open-minded and to pursue reliable, true, and accurate information. The article compares the PEACE Model with current interview and interrogation techniques used in Canada, such as The Reid Technique. Law enforcement personnel use a variety of procedures to elicit confessions from suspects. Apr 12, 2023 · At the moment I am busy with an new extension of my former studies: 1) Doctor of Science (D. This paper will examine the Reid technique and the comments of some of its defenders and detractors. C. Suite 400 Chicago, IL 60606 800-255-5747 THE REID TECHNIQUE® Protecting The Innocent & Identifying The Guilty Scan the QR Code to visit www. g. Brenau University Apr 30, 2021 · For instance, the effectiveness of a 3-week suspect interview training based on the PEACE Model was examined by L Griffiths and Milne (2006). bonfire. There is some resistance to adopting the PEACE model in Canada. E Framework has evolved and since been Sep 1, 2017 · The Reid Technique consists of a three-phase process beginning with Fact Analysis, followed by the Behavior Analysis Interview (which is a non-accusatory interview designed to develop investigative and behavioral information), followed by, when appropriate, the Reid Nine Steps of Interrogation. com March 11, 2020 9:00 a. " Inquiries regarding Investigator Tips should be directed to Toni Overman toverman@reid. A. Although Professor Hirsch insisted that "there is a wealth of information about the risks of the Reid technique," he could point to none. 2/3/11, at 132. While the Reid model aims at obtaining a confession from the witness or suspect, the PEACE Model aims at getting the information that will help in determining the guiltiness or the innocence of the subject. The PEACE Model Figure 1 shows the five elements of the PEACE model. In this paper, the methods of the REID technique and PEACE model will be outlined. Buckley President JOHN E. The PEACE Model of Investigative Interviewing The Free Recall model - • A model of interviewing designed to illicit a comprehensive narrative account of an event or incident • Designed to obtain a full and accurate account from an interviewee through minimal use of questions • Proven to facilitate up 47%* increase in recalled information compared with non-use of the model • Used Oct 3, 2019 · Since the 1960s, the United States developed ‘Reid interrogation technique’, and its variations have been widely used around the world. Sep 1, 2010 · The present study examines whether interviewing in a manner that is compatible with a recommended model of interviewing (called the ‘PEACE’ model) impacts on outcomes of the interviews In this section, we review theories and methods of suspect questioning, notably The Reid Technique (Inbau et al. In contrast, interrogation practices in England are less confrontational and more transparent (Williamson, 2006). One of the advantages of REID technique is that “the investigators are trained to discern when a suspect is lying. known as the Reid Technique) has been the predominant interrogation method in the United States, with hundreds of thousands of law enforcement agents trained to use the method since the 1960s. atuna jvkslf zlwf ybfe sqvczdy hwey rmdpbgc rbrydt bdgvegut jlazw