Forticlient vpn login. I really miss that feature.


  • Forticlient vpn login On the Microsoft Windows system, Start an elevated command line prompt. Check firewall policy to make sure there is at least one policy with Incoming Interface as SSL VPN tunnel interface (ssl. For me each time I had the -455 code, it was a problem with bad account or bad password. FortiClient App supports SSLVPN connection to FortiGate Gateway. Jan 17, 2024 · This article describes how to make it possible to configure SAML on FortiClient. 13. Alternatively, you These cookies help us collect certain data, such as count visits and traffic sources, so that we can measure the performance of our site, improve the content, and build better features that enhance your experience. May 11, 2020 · how to alter the default login-attempt-limit and login-block-time for SSL VPN users. 1: Login Failed, Permission Denied I am using FortiClient VPN-only version on macOS Sequoia 15. Dec 1, 2020 · Hello, I have configured our Fortigate to authenticate our ssl-vpn users with Azure AD. 7 server. 0605 on Windows 7 Pro 64bit domain environment to connect SSL VPN before windows login. Jul 1, 2024 · I am unable to connect to my client's VPN. - disabled web mode - using non 443 port - edited to the HTML page to hide login fields config vpn ipsec phase1-interface. My credentials are correct and others are able to access from other laptops without issues. This requires users to enter a username and password to access the VPN and the domain controller. I have no issues when I login the web-mode. Good day everybody, I got a question regarding our VPN tunnel connection via FortiClient v. Logs in FortiAuthenticator (v6. conf" file or; add a save_password node to the ui section in your *. 4, build1028) show that user/password accepted, Nov 30, 2024 · The FortiClient VPN might be stalling due to mismatches in the TLS version or cipher suites between your local setup and the FortiGate VPN server. In Client Options, enable Save Password and Auto Connect. Anywhere. 1 they stopped. Enter your login credentials. Your connection will be fully encrypted and all traffic will be sent over the secure tunnel. 0083 on Windows 10. Nov 7, 2024 · Check VPN server settings in FortiClient. We are randomly experiencing login loop… Apr 13, 2017 · FortiGate with SSL VPN. Ensure that VPN is enabled before logon to the FortiClient Settings page. Select Manual. 10 which will be released in a couple of hours. Nov 5, 2024 · FortiGate, FortiClient or Web Browser with SAML Authentication. 1658 on two different Windows 11 (Dell Vostro and Dell Inspiron) Laptops. Create a batch like this and put it in the windows startup folder; ***** start /B ipsec -k tunnel_name ***** The start command runs the command " ipsec -k tunnel_name" in the background, as otherwise the vpn will disconnect when the command terminates. If a user has already authenticated using SAML in the default browser, they do not need to reauthenticate in the FortiClient built-in browser. Contact Fortinet support for further assistance (couldn't provide a solution either). 0151) - OK Jul 11, 2013 · Hello Group, I am having trouble with my FortiClient software. Dec 3, 2024 · Hi, My Apple device running iOS 15. Optionally, you can right-click the FortiTray icon in the system tray and select a VPN configuration to connect. 0151) – Not work * No popup for enter the username and password. get vpn ssl monitor SSL VPN Login Users: Index User Auth Type Timeout From HTTP in/out HTTPS in/out 0 sslvpnuser1 1(1) 291 10. : Open FortiClient VPN. PuTTY SSH2:-----diag sys flash list diag debug reset diagnose debug console timestamp en diagnose vpn ssl debug-filter src-addr4 x. As soon as I connect to our VPN, the software says connected and then immediately says disconnected. Two-Factor authentication can also be used to provide an To activate VPN before Windows logon: In FortiClient, create the VPN tunnels of interest or receive the VPN list of interest from FortiClient EMS. With local in policy the attempt is blocked before any processing is done by fortigate so this will not generate any logs. At 40%, I get "SSL VPN Connection is Down". 9. x. : The configured SAML User (config user saml) may not have been added to a corresponding User Group on the FortiGate, or the SAML User Group that was configured was not added to an appropriate Firewall Policy. FortiClient provides an option to the end user to save their VPN login password with or without SAML configured. 1. Alternatively, you Nov 28, 2024 · Just wanna regarding on the SSL failed Login. Enter control passwords2 and press Enter. This edition enables both Universal ZTNA- and VPN-encrypted tunnels, as well as URL filtering and cloud access security broker (CASB). The Unified FortiClient agent enables remote workers to securely connect to the network using zero-trust principles. FORTICLIENT CLOUD Cloud-managed Advanced Endpoint Protection with Fabric Integration. Solution: To enable SAML authentication, it is necessary to enable the SSO feature from the FortiClient settings first. then when you try to access your web portal(SSL-VPN) the login page will not show. In FortiOS, verify the VPN is down in Dashboard > Network > SSL-VPN widget. After the first login, SAML login credentials are cached by the embedded browser cookies, which causes subsequent login attempts to bypass credentials and MFA if configured. Aug 20, 2024 · FortiClient's 'VPN Before Logon' feature allows users to establish a VPN connection to the corporate network before logging into Windows. Alternatively, you May 24, 2024 · With FortiEMS, I found that if we enable the "Allow personal VPN" option, you then have the option to save login and provide a username to a new connection you setup in FortiClient. Alternatively, you Jan 8, 2020 · To troubleshoot SSL VPN hanging or disconnecting at 98%: A new SSL VPN driver was added to FortiClient 5. (similar to ones in cisco anyconnect). A VPN down notification appears on the endpoint. A Token field will appear, prompting you for the FortiToken code. In prior versions, SAML authentication must be performed within the FortiClient embedded login window. For per machine autoconnect to work, you must define a tunnel as the tunnel for per-machine To access SFU VPN, you will need: An SFU account (faculty, staff or graduate students) that is enrolled in SFU's Multi-Factor Authentication. FortiClient displays the connection status, duration, and other relevant information. Oct 16, 2024 · Hello @sam653 . I hope this helps. FortiGate running 6. Learn how to enable VPN before Windows logon in FortiClient 7. The progress window stops at 98% and simply returns to the login screen. conf file: Click the gear icon (second icon) on the upper-right; Click Backup 2 days ago · I have just installed Windows 11 on my desktop PC and installed FortiClient v7. range[0-4294967295] set login-block-time { integer } Time for which a user is blocked from logging in after too many failed login attempts (0 - 86400 sec, default = 60). 2, which allows users to select from a list of preconfigured VPN connections on the logon screen. conf file. 95. This article describes how to connect the FortiClient SSL VPN from the command line. Oct 27, 2023 · Having an issue, latest version of forticlient (7. I'll detail option 1. but no matter of that I can login how many time I like in forticlient and every time it return me that password is incorrect, then on the 10th time I use correct password and can login - so blocking is not working. Disconnect the current VPN connection by going to clicking Disconnect on the FortiClient Remote Access tab. Sep 24, 2020 · 4) Go to VPN -> SSL-VPN Settings, set 'Server Certificate' to the 'authentication certificate'. Select the hamburger menu next to VPN Name and add a new connection or edit the existing one. My Environment Info: Client PC OS: Windows 8 Dec 4, 2024 · get vpn ssl monitor diagnose vpn ssl list diagnose firewall auth list dia vpn ssl statistics exec vpn sslvpn list get system status diag vpn ssl stat. It also supports FortiToken, 2-factor authentication. See Tutorial: Azure AD SSO integration with FortiGate SSL VPN. In XML view, click Edit. Feb 17, 2015 · There is no option to disable Web GUI access for SSL VPN . Clone the Machine-VPN profile. Let's see tomorrow if it works BTW We use these settings and they should work according to FortiNet TAC: show_vpn_before_logon is enabled. Mar 7, 2005 · Yes and no, you can but yo have to cheat. 1 and 12. The VPN Client, when launched, only goes as far as "Co Allow FortiClient to use a browser as an external user agent to perform SAML authentication for SSL VPN tunnel mode. 100. Check restrictions based on Geolocation in SSL VPN settings or a local-in-policy that could prevent the endpoint from connection. use_legacy_vpn_before_logon is disabled. When you configure 'Limit access to specific hosts' it will still generate logs for the VPN attempts for the blocked countries. range[0-4294967295] Dec 21, 2023 · Hello, I'm using desktop FortiClient VPN v. Make sure the FortiGate is configured to support the same TLS version as your FortiClient. Running Forticlient 7. Oct 29, 2024 · Outcomes. Per-machine autoconnect depends on this tag being enabled to work. Like Cisco AnyConnect, FortiClient requires users to authenticate using Duo Security in order to establish a VPN connection to the university Sep 27, 2024 · Hi @raffaeledp . Replacement messages are an option, but they do not seem to be for the client. This is particularly useful in scenarios where the user's credentials are validated through a domain controller or when access to network resources is required during the login process. 0 Nov 18, 2019 · Hello, Does any one know how to get a login banner for fortigate vpn client. Latency or poor network connectivity can cause the default login timeout limit to be reached on the FortiGate. 2 Appreciate all help. Connecting VPN before logon (AD environments) The VPN <options> XML tag holds global information controlling VPN states. I set that when the PC is turned on, without the user having to perform any interaction, the VPN IPSEC starts automatically and connects to our Fortigate. 3, seems like you have to. Enter username/password, prompts for token, progress bar goes up to 98%, then reprompts for username/password and does not connect. modify the user configuration section within the *. Scope: FortiGate v6. Feb 9, 2022 · The customer has a number of Apple iPads, where I have been trying to get the FortiClient VPN app to work. Anytime. I have Windows 10 Pro and Forticlient Version is 7. Click Next. SSL VPN Lockout: Separately, one of the above four timers (login-timeout) contributes to the SSL VPN Login Attempt Limit function (aka 'Lockout') function. With windows pptp vpn you can when you make the connection you can add that all other users ca Checking the SSL-VPN Monitor in the Forti shows the user as being connected but only with "Web Connections" instead of "Tunnel Connections" It almost like when authenticating Forticlient cant find the user in a User Group so assigned it to the Web-access portal . In the SAML Port field, enter 10428, the same port that you configured in FortiOS. 2 or later. 254 0/0 0/0 SSL VPN sessions: Index User Source IP Duration I/O Bytes Tunnel/Dest IP 0 sslvpnuser1 10. Dec 8, 2024 · FortiClient VPN on macOS Sequoia 15. 0972 2 days ago · To exclude a specific login address from accessing your SSL-VPN, you can typically set up access control policies or firewall rules to block that address. edit “vpn_tunnel_name” set save-password enable. root). The following verifies that FortiClient can connect to the VPN during Windows logon. However, the connection we created in EMS will have everything grayed out and not allow to save the username. IOS 18. 2 or Configuring VPN to automatically connect before logon To configure VPN to automatically connect before logon: In EMS, go to Endpoint Profiles > Remote Access. Please try again in a few minutes. 09) running on windows 11 22h2. our client want to block the IP address of unknown and random credentials found on VPN event logs. Jan 23, 2020 · Tried. But you can edit the replacement Message for SSL-VPN login page. 7, and v7. When you ad the user from LDAP on Fortigate 5. The full FortiClient installation cannot be used for command line VPN tunnel access. Checking the SSL VPN connection To check the SSL VPN connection using the GUI: On the FortiGate, go to VPN > Monitor > SSL-VPN Monitor to verify the list of SSL users. Boolean: [1|0] 1 <on_os_start_connect> Enter the tunnel name for VPN to connect to when the OS starts. When my team in USA/Canada uses the same SSL-VPN configuration, they are able to connect to VPN successfully. Under VPN Tunnels, click Add Tunnel. Solution . 2. Protection. 1 on the Forti Jan 24, 2022 · Solved: Hi all. SYSTEM> Replacement Message > SSL-VPN login page. Instead of connecting to the server, sometimes a blank window pops up as shown in the attached screenshot. Log & Report -> Events and select 'VPN Events' in 6. From your remote client, browse to the public IP/FQDN of the firewall and log in, you should see the SSL-VPN portal you created, and have the option to download the FortiClient (VPN) software for your OS version. See Install the Fortinet VPN App. next. Client has also confirmed that they are not blocking any IP from India. I have to connect manually after login profile. This is different from other posts. In Advanced Settings, toggle on Enable SAML Login. In FortiClient, go to the Remote Access tab. 7, v7. It is possible to connect to the SSL-VPN (web-mode), but the option for SAML login is not visible ('Single Sign-On'). FortiNet TAC has told us it will be resolved in 7. FortiClient displays an IdP authorization page in an embedded browser window. Can someone tell me if this is possible? BTW, we are using a FortiGate 60D on 5. Alternatively, you Mar 19, 2018 · Description . Scope: Windows 11 machines that need to use FortiClient. Before 2022-02, FortiClient v6. I was able to whitelist the FortiClient credential provider with DUO in the registry and this restored the ability to logon to VPN before windows logon! May 8, 2023 · FGT (settings) # show full-configuration config vpn ssl settings set login-attempt-limit 2 set login-block-time 60. 94. Install the FortiClient (Note: This is only the VPN component not the full FortiClient). 0151) – Not work * No popup for enter the username and password IOS 18. " and received 3 emailalerts, of type: Hi, I have installed Forticlient 7. 7 on several domain PCs used off site connected to a Forticlient EMS 7. 134. SSO Login Download FortiClient VPN, FortiConverter, FortiExplorer, FortiPlanner, and FortiRecorder software for any operating system: Windows, macOS, Android, iOS & more. Jan 6, 2021 · Step 4: Test FortiGate SSL-VPN. Click Save. Mar 11, 2024 · I have seen a few posts with the same title but nobody seems to have found a solution yet. I have tried with iOS devices that run version 15. I configured the VPN, and during the connection process, I entered my password followed by the dynamic token generated by FortiToken. 200 Aug 29, 2023 · Description: This article describes how to use customized login pages for different SSL VPN Realms. Previous My Apple device running iOS 15. Enable Require Client Certificate. Scope FortiGate. SAML Login. Entered wrong SSL VPN credentials more than 3 times, browser showing "Too many bad login attempts. Once authenticated, FortiClient establishes the SSL VPN tunnel. I have steup my FortiClient app the same way as it was on Windows 10 but it is not working. We installed DUO security for MFA for administrator accounts and this disabled additional credential providers. x and To activate VPN before Windows logon: In FortiClient, create the VPN tunnels of interest or receive the VPN list of interest from FortiClient EMS. Jun 4, 2010 · Users can select FortiClient VPN on the Windows logon page. Flush DNS cache using the command "ipconfig /flushdns". The following instructions assume that you have already configured your Azure AD environment, that your FortiClient EMS and FortiGate are part of a Fortinet Security Fabric, and that the FortiGate has been configured in Azure as an enterprise application for SAML single sign on. The historic logs for users connected through SSL VPN can be viewed under a different location depending on the FortiGate version: Log & Report -> Event Log -> VPN in v5. . In Android and Windows OS, the FortiClient VPN connection is normal. <show_vpn_before_logon> Show VPN before logon tile when logging in to Windows. May 13, 2022 · Confirm whether the server certificate has been selected in FortiGate SSL VPN settings. Solution The default login-attempt-limit for SSL VPN users is 2 and the login-block-time is 60 seconds. Feb 27, 2018 · Hi Pattu. Scope: FortiGate, FortiClient. The next example takes it one step further and enables Windows to automatically connect to the tunnel on startup. FortiClient. 1 it's create a new user named pippo. Dec 17, 2024 · This describes FortiClient support on Windows 11. For per machine autoconnect to work, you must define a tunnel as the tunnel for per-machine Aug 23, 2016 · Dear all, on a Windows 10 machine Forticlient VPN sometimes works and sometimes get's stuck at 98%. Password is accepted and token is requested. Dec 1, 2016 · The solution below describes how to configure FortiGate SSL VPN split tunneling using the FortiClient SSL VPN software, available from the Fortinet Support site. 7. The free version of the FortiClient VPN app. verion - 6. Alternatively, you Jan 3, 2017 · With FortiEMS, I found that if we enable the "Allow personal VPN" option, you then have the option to save login and provide a username to a new connection you setup in FortiClient. Remove any conflicting VPN or networking software. set client-auto-negotiate enable. franco account. I've configured the enterprise app within Azure AD and configured the SAML user within the Fortigate. If your FortiOS version is compatible, upgrade to use one of these versions. Dec 14, 2020 · Forticlient runs as a credential provider when you enable VPN before logon. In this way users can log Jun 17, 2024 · Installing 7. 1 ( FortiClient 7. 212. 6. Login Register. , enabling TLS 1. 5. The settings are exactly the same as the Windows clients. 0 and firmware 7. This indicates if user enters incorrect username/password combinations continuously twi 7. FortiClient can use a browser as an external user-agent to perform SAML authentication for SSL VPN tunnel mode, instead of the FortiClient embedded login window. Any ideas how to solve it? i tested reinstall but still dont works. 4. Enter your username and password. I'm not seeing anything like that in the FortiClient. Click the Disconnect button when you are ready to terminate the VPN session. If you're using a solution like Fortinet or Cisco, there should be an option to define address groups or IP filters. 0. Click Login. I really miss that feature. When token is Oct 16, 2024 · Hello @sam653 . To disconnect from the staff VPN, open the FortiClient VPN by clicking on the FortiClient VPN icon on your desktop or the green shield in the task bar and selecting the REMOTE ACCESS menu option. Since the Windows 10 machine is located at a remote spot, I cannot simply go there and try Aug 4, 2023 · I noticed that some versions like 7. This is the current behavior and the option 'Save login' does not apply to SAML authentication Nov 27, 2024 · Free FortiClient VPN uses SSL and IPSec VPN to provide secure, reliable access to corporate networks and applications from virtually any internet-connected remote location. For FortiClient VPN 6. The connection settings listed below. Update FortiClient to the latest version. Be sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel for more videos! Jan 25, 2022 · To enable the DTLS on FortiClient: Go to FortiClient Settings -> Expand the VPN Options section and enable the 'Preferred DTLS Tunnel' option. Configuring the VPN overlay between the HQ FortiGate and cloud FortiGate-VM Configuring the VPN overlay between the HQ FortiGate and AWS native VPN gateway Configuring the VIP to access the remote servers Configuring the SD-WAN to steer traffic between the overlays In FortiClient: Create the VPN tunnels of interest or connect to FortiClient EMS, which provides the VPN list of interest; Enable VPN before log on to the FortiClient Settings page, see VPN options. I'm randomly experiencing an issue on login to a VPN. Do the following if you are creating a new tunnel: Go to VPN > IPsec Wizard. end. Maybe you have to check the conection parameters on your fortigate. Secure Access. On the Windows system, start an elevated command line prompt. Dec 10, 2024 · Despite the following, we are still getting a barrage of brute force login attempts on our SSL VPN. Oct 8, 2014 · Is it possible to run Forticlient ssl vpn before windows login? We are adding computers to a windows domain from our office and we have not found a way to do this with the ones running forticlient ssl vpn. When connecting on one of my laptops, the VPN won't connect. However when I try to connect with the Forticlient I receive May 26, 2016 · Sonicwall NetExtender client had a configuration option to either run the AD logon script for the user, or run a . 7 or v7. W i t hou t split tunneling, all communication from remote SSL VPN users to the head office internal network and to the Internet uses an SSL VPN tunnel between the user’s PC and the Jun 7, 2019 · Forticlient runs as a credential provider when you enable VPN before logon. Mar 3, 2021 · Hello, I use Forticlient 6. Jan 19, 2020 · config vpn ssl settings set login-attempt-limit { integer } SSL VPN maximum login attempt times before block (0 - 10, default = 2, 0 = no limit). Log & Report -> VPN Events in v5. Under General, enable Show VPN before Logon. Login Skip Launch FortiClient. Alternatively, you 6 days ago · Hi, I have found that to fix this you need to open 'Login items an extensions' within System Settings then open the 'Network Extensions' tab, you should then see FortiClient listed. IOS 15. Odd issue. g. 7 the VPN startup feature at Windows startup worked (login-before-logon) and after updating to 7. Visibility. We already block those IP using the deny policy (example we already add the 80. Export your *. Has anyone found a working solution to the issue where FortiClient will connect to VPN then immediately disconnect? We are using FortiClient with EMS, and if the user has auto retry checked it will repeatedly try to reconnect and fail. I was able to whitelist the FortiClient credential provider with DUO in the registry and this restored the ability to logon to VPN before windows logon! To activate VPN before Windows logon: In FortiClient, create the VPN tunnels of interest or receive the VPN list of interest from FortiClient EMS. 0151) - OK Does anyone FortiClient AnyClient SSL VPN Client for CWRU Students, Faculty, and Staff only This service provides remote users with secure VPN connections to the campus network via a 128-bit SSL encrypted tunnel. x - Here x. bat file after logon. Dec 19, 2014 · when this user login in Windows it use myDomain\pippo. 10 without success. To connect to SSL VPN: On the Remote Access tab, select the VPN connection from the dropdown list. The orange lock will disappear from the green shield in the task bar to indicate you have disconnected from the UoA network. Both laptops were Wiped and Prepped with the same Windows 11 23H2 Pro OS and are set up using very basic Intune Profiles (Intune barely does anything). Alternatively, you can enter get vpn ssl monitor SSL VPN Login Users: Index User Auth Type Timeout From HTTP in/out HTTPS in/out 0 sslvpnuser1 1(1) 291 10. Log & Report -> VPN Events in v6. FortiClient end users are advised to install FortiClient v6. franco but If you try login on SSL VPN receive on the logs sslvpn_login_unknown_user error, the same errore if you use Pippo Franco, because this user not exist in Fortigate users definition. SFU VPN connection settings: <show_vpn_before_logon> Show VPN before logon tile when logging in to Windows. 4 and I am trying to connect to My customer's network through a SSLVPN But when I try to establish connection, I get "Credential or ssl vpn configuration is wrong (-7200)" I can guarantee I have the correct credentials : - If I go to the web portal, Authentication Mar 24, 2020 · This tutorial from Shane Kroening, Client Success Associate at SWICKtech. If you enable the FortiClient switch, it will allow you to connect. I just get a failed to connect check your internet and VPN pre-shared ke Dec 3, 2024 · get vpn ssl monitor diagnose vpn ssl list diagnose firewall auth list dia vpn ssl statistics exec vpn sslvpn list get system status diag vpn ssl stat. SSLVPN allows you to create a secure SSL VPN connection between your device and FortiGate. 200 Jun 2, 2016 · get vpn ssl monitor SSL VPN Login Users: Index User Auth Type Timeout From HTTP in/out HTTPS in/out 0 sslvpnuser1 1(1) 291 10. FortiClient VPN simplifies the remote user experience with built-in auto-connect and always-up VPN features. Configuring VPN to automatically connect before logon To configure VPN to automatically connect before logon: In EMS, go to Endpoint Profiles > Remote Access. 2 support Windows 11. The VPN connects first, then logs into the AD/domain. 2 if they are using Windows 11. A new setting is added to configure the SAML redirection port upon successful SAML authentication: config vpn ssl settings Oct 9, 2014 · HI Guys, i using forticlient v5. 1 is failing to connect to FortiClient VPN. 5) Make sure of the following: - The username is already added in the group called in SSL VPN settings. Configure the tunnel as desired. Scope . 254 9 22099/43228 10. 200 To activate VPN before Windows logon: In FortiClient, create the VPN tunnels of interest or receive the VPN list of interest from FortiClient EMS. Solution: First, enable the SSL VPN Realms, and for that, refer to this doc: Configuring VPN to automatically connect before logon To configure VPN to automatically connect before logon: In EMS, go to Endpoint Profiles > Remote Access. Select ‘Disconnect’. Name the new profile Machine-VPN-with-auto-pre-logon. In Descargue el software VPN FortiClient, FortiConverter, FortiExplorer, FortiPlanner y FortiRecorder para cualquier sistema operativo: Windows, macOS, Android, iOS y más. Dec 29, 2023 · FortiClient VPN application accesses with username and password, but does not access the configured VPN, the same access was performed on Windows and worked normally. 0 and later to resolve SSL VPN connection issues. To activate VPN before Windows logon: In FortiClient, create the VPN tunnels of interest or receive the VPN list of interest from FortiClient EMS. You can Deleted the Body of HTML. You might need to adjust the SSL/TLS settings in FortiGate’s VPN configuration (e. x is the public IP of the user connecting. Disable firewall and antivirus temporarily. Essentially you have to create a batch file to start the VPN connection from the command line. But on ubuntu 23. Solution: Install FortiClient v6. config vpn ipsec phase1-interface. But when connecting the logon page to O365 is just blank, it never loads the webpage. However, the client wont appear before windows login. The attacker will not be allowed access if they are from blocked country even if they enter the correct username and password. 2 or newer. If available, under Type, select IPsec VPN. One other option to block these attempts is via local in policy. x) but upon checking the VPN event logs the still existing on the logs. 8 and 7. Click the Connect button. Locate the machine-cert-vpn connection. Possible causes. mfhf hgqs unjyb zfdta dnbx eabuhj vffd jctohu hczp yuaxb